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    • Israel's first open attack on Iran targets missile sites and apparently spares oil and nuclear ones

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    TEL AVIV, Israel -

    Israel attacked military targets in Iran with pre-dawn airstrikes Saturday in retaliation for the barrage of ballistic missiles the Islamic Republic fired on Israel earlier this month. The strikes marked the first time Israel鈥檚 military has openly attacked Iran.

    Following the airstrikes, Iran鈥檚 Foreign Ministry said it had a right to self-defence, and 鈥渃onsiders itself entitled and obligated to defend against foreign acts of aggression.鈥

    Israel's military said it targeted facilities that Iran used to make the missiles fired at Israel as well as surface-to-air missile sites. There was no immediate indication that oil or nuclear sites were hit 鈥 which would have marked a much more serious escalation 鈥 and Israel offered no immediate damage assessment.

    Explosions could be heard in Iran's capital, Tehran, until sunrise. The Islamic Republic said the attacks caused 鈥渓imited damage." Iran鈥檚 military said the strikes targeted military bases in Ilam, Khuzestan and Tehran provinces, without elaborating. Iran鈥檚 army said two soldiers were killed, Iran鈥檚 Al-Alam television reported.

    The strikes risk pushing the archenemies closer to all-out war at a time of spiraling violence across the Middle East, where militant groups backed by Iran 鈥 including Hamas in Gaza and Hezbollah in Lebanon 鈥 are already at war with Israel.

    The first open Israeli attack on Iran

    Iran hadn鈥檛 faced a sustained barrage of fire from a foreign enemy since its 1980s war with Iraq.

    On Oct. 1, Iran launched at least 180 missiles into Israel in retaliation for devastating blows Israel landed against Hezbollah. They caused minimal damage and a few injuries. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said Iran 鈥渕ade a big mistake.鈥

    Israel is also widely thought to be behind a limited airstrike in April near a major air base in Iran that hit the radar system for a Russian-made air defence battery. Iran had fired a wave of missiles and drones at Israel in April, causing minimal damage, after two Iranian generals were killed in an apparent Israeli airstrike on an Iranian diplomatic post in Syria.

    鈥淚ran attacked Israel twice, including in locations that endangered civilians, and has paid the price for it,鈥 Israeli military spokesperson Rear Adm. Daniel Hagari said. 鈥淲e are focused on our war objectives in the Gaza Strip and Lebanon. It is Iran that continues to push for a wider regional escalation.鈥

    Hagari added: 鈥淚f the regime in Iran were to make the mistake of beginning a new round of escalation, we will be obligated to respond.鈥

    Israel鈥檚 attack effectively told Iran it would not remain silent, while not taking out highly visible or symbolic facilities that could prompt a significant response from Iran, said Yoel Guzansky, a researcher at Tel Aviv鈥檚 Institute for National Security Studies who formerly worked for Israel鈥檚 National Security Council.

    It gives Israel room for escalation if needed, and targeting air defence systems weakens Iran鈥檚 capabilities to defend against future attacks, he said, adding that if there is Iranian retaliation, it should be limited.

    鈥淭here鈥檚 more chances of Iranian restraint because of their interests, because of pressure from the outside, and because of the nature of the Israeli attack 鈥 that allows them to save face,鈥 he said.

    Israel has again shown its military precision and capabilities are superior to Iran's, said Sanam Vakil, the director of the Middle East and North Africa program at the London-based think tank Chatham House.

    鈥淏y targeting military sites and missile facilities over nuclear and energy infrastructure, Israel is also messaging that it seeks no further escalation for now. This is a sign that the diplomacy and back-channel efforts to moderate the strike were successful.鈥

    Nuclear facilities and oil installations were seen as possible targets for Israel鈥檚 response, before U.S. President Joe Biden鈥檚 administration won assurances from Israel in mid-October that it would not hit such targets.

    After the strikes, the streets in Iran's capital were calm. Children went to school and shops opened as usual. The only sign of concern was long lines at the gas stations 鈥 a regular occurrence in Tehran when military violence flares as people stock up on fuel.

    Mixed reactions at home and abroad

    Israel鈥檚 opposition leader, Yair Lapid, criticized the decision to avoid 鈥渟trategic and economic targets," saying on X that 鈥渨e could and should have exacted a much heavier price from Iran.鈥

    The United States warned against further retaliation, and Britain said Iran should not respond.

    Saudi Arabia was one of multiple countries in the region condemning the strike, calling it a violation of Iran's "sovereignty and a violation of international laws and norms.鈥 Its foreign ministry rejected the escalation in the region.

    Regional tensions have been soaring in recent weeks.

    In Lebanon, dozens were killed and thousands wounded in September when pagers and walkie-talkies used by Hezbollah exploded in two days of attacks attributed to Israel. A massive Israel airstrike the following week outside Beirut killed Hezbollah鈥檚 longtime leader, Hassan Nasrallah, and several of his top commanders.

    Israel ratcheted up the pressure on Hezbollah by launching a ground invasion into southern Lebanon. More than a million Lebanese people have been displaced, and the death toll has risen sharply as airstrikes hit in and around Beirut.

    Antipathy between the countries goes back decades

    Israel and Iran have been bitter foes since the 1979 Islamic Revolution. Israel considers Iran to be its greatest threat, citing its leaders鈥 calls for Israel鈥檚 destruction, their support for anti-Israel militant groups and the country鈥檚 nuclear program.

    During their yearslong shadow war, a suspected Israeli assassination campaign has killed top Iranian nuclear scientists, and Iranian nuclear installations have been hacked or sabotaged, all in mysterious attacks blamed on Israel.

    Meanwhile, Iran has been blamed for a series of attacks on shipping in the Middle East, which later grew into the attacks by Yemen鈥檚 Houthi rebels on shipping through the Red Sea corridor.

    The shadow war has increasingly moved into the light since Oct. 7, 2023, when Hamas and other militants attacked Israel. They killed 1,200 people, mostly civilians, and took some 250 hostages into Gaza. In response, Israel launched a devastating air and ground offensive against Hamas, and Netanyahu has vowed to keep fighting until all of the hostages are freed. Some 100 remain, of whom roughly a third are believed to be dead.

    More than 42,000 Palestinians have been killed in largely devastated Gaza, according to local health officials, who don鈥檛 differentiate between civilians and combatants but say more than half of the dead have been women and children.

    Gambrell reported from Dubai, United Arab Emirates and Schreck from Jerusalem. Associated Press writers Amir Vahdat in Tehran, Iran; Abby Sewell in Beirut; Lolita C. Baldor, Farnoush Amiri and Zeke Miller in Washington; David Rising in Bangkok; and Aamer Madhani in Wilmington, Delaware, contributed to this report.

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